This established Luxembourg as an independent, sovereign state.
Congress of Vienna
Treaty of Ghent
Diet of Worms
Treaty of Versailles
Congress of Vienna, 1815. The Congress redrew European boundaries in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars. Luxembourg became an independent state with the status of Grand Duchy – but mostly on paper, because the Congress assigned it to the King of the Netherlands, who ruled it as if it were a province within his kingdom.