About 3,700 Griswold & Gunnison revolvers were made by that firm, which depended heavily on enslaved labor. The company, located in the industrial mill town of Griswoldville, Ga., made cotton gins before the war. The six-shot, .36-caliber gun was a copy of the Colt Navy. The firm operated from 1862 until Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s men sacked the town during the 1864 March to the Sea. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
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Imitation is a sincere form of flattery, so the saying goes, but in the case of the Confederacy it was also due to necessity. Faced with a shortage of weapons when the war began, Southern arms manufacturers, including some 1861 start-ups (no pistol factories existed in the South when the war began) made copies of firearms that had been manufactured in Northern factories, including pistols.
Revolvers produced by the Colt Manufacturing Company in Hartford, Conn.—particularly the .44-caliber Model 1860 “Army” and the .36-caliber Model 1851 “Navy”—were the most frequently copied. At least 11 firms in Georgia, Mississippi, Virginia, and Tennessee made handguns of sound, albeit rough, quality for Confederate troops.
One thing, however, that these firms could not copy compared to Northern gun producers was quantity. It is estimated that fewer than 10,000 Southern revolvers were made during the conflict by all Confederate firms combined. Just a drop in the bucket of what was needed.
In contrast, Samuel Colt’s armory cranked out 121,757 revolvers from 1861 to 1865, including nearly 60,000 Army revolvers in 1863 alone. Three Southern manufacturers—Griswold & Gunnison, Leech & Rigdon, and Spiller & Burr—made 70 percent of all Confederate revolvers. Pistols produced by those firms are featured here.
Most Confederate revolvers substituted brass parts for steel when possible. Brass was a softer metal, and more prone to expanding and contracting when heated. The Griswold & Gunnison frame was brass. Note the “V” notch cut in the hammer. When the pistol is fully cocked it serves as the rear sight, a common feature on wartime revolvers.
(Heritage Auctions, Dallas)Thomas Leech and Charles Rigdon first partnered in the Memphis Novelty Works of Tennessee to make swords and other metal items for the Confederacy. By April 1863, the company, renamed Leech & Rigdon, had moved to Greensboro, Ga., and was concentrating solely on making its version of a six-shot .36-caliber Navy revolver.
(Heritage Auctions, Dallas)Leech & Rigdon pistols were of high quality, and brass was substituted for steel only on the backstrap. The company was contracted to make 1,500 pistols, but only about 900 were finished when the firm dissolved in December 1863. Looking closely at the brass strap under the handle, you can see file marks from the manufacturing process.
(Heritage Auctions, Dallas)The Spiller & Burr firm started in Richmond, Va., at the beginning of the war to make revolvers for the Confederacy, but would eventually move to Macon, Ga. Its initial November 20, 1861, contract with the Confederate government called for 15,000 .36-caliber revolvers based on the Colt Navy. Despite that fact, the pistols produced by the firm, above, were actually copies of the Whitney Arms Company’s version of the Navy, top.
(Heritage Auctions, Dallas)The main difference with the Whitney it copied was the Spiller & Burr’s use of a solid brass frame, grip strap, and back strap. Due to very slow production, the Confederate government bought out the firm in 1864. Regardless, only about 1,450 Spiller & Burr revolvers were produced.
(Heritage Auctions, Dallas)Various Confederate armories also manufactured revolver ammunition. Troops didn’t use loose powder and balls, but most often were issued boxes of six rounds, conical bullets with a paper cartridge glued on to the base. This rare, still-full box was manufactured in the Confederate capital.
(Courtesy of the American Civil War Museum)
this article first appeared in civil war times magazine
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