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World War II: Siege of Budapest

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Budapest lay in ruins. Thousands of structures were destroyed or damaged. The distinctive Parliament building and Royal Palace were gutted, and all five of the city's unique and graceful bridges lay broken in the Danube. Almost forty thousand Hungarian civilians, about half of whom were Jewish, died in the carnage. Sandor Marai, noted Hungarian novelist and poet, later wrote:

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Beware, now your feet will sink in blood, here at the mud dazed Bulwark, the scattered dead yet gaze at the Heavens. Smoke signals swirl up from the depths to the firmament. For somewhere below Krisztina town blazes. All traces of zither and Gypsy have been blown from the 'Broadaxe,' filled now by shadows and stench alone. And side by side in the castle church lie corpses of dead princes and slaughtered horses…. This used to be the bridge. You rode out here in full moon. Halfway across the hansom cab put on the brakes. It was built by Adam Clark in the Age of Reform. Above the arches seagulls used to oscillate. Then so many suicidal leant against the railings. Now the suicidal lie below water with the balustrade. A cold wind cuts through the Tunnel and its fingers stroke the hair of the dead.

The cost of the campaign to the Soviets has never been confirmed, although estimates range from one hundred thousand to as high as 160,000 casualties. Postwar Soviet statistics claim that more than 180,000 German and Hungarian 'fighters' were trapped in the pocket, of which 110,000 were captured. Immediately after the siege, thousands of Hungarian civilians were rounded up and added to the prisoner of war count, allowing the Soviets to validate their previously inflated figures.

There is an epilogue to Budapest's fall. Hitler committed significant reserves to Hungary, including the battered Sixth SS Panzer Army fresh from the Ardennes counteroffensive. Consisting of four of the most battle-hardened Waffen SS Panzer units, including the dreaded Leibstandarte and Das Reich divisions, this formidable force was squandered in early March during an ill-conceived panzer 'death ride' into waiting and well-prepared Soviet anti-tank defenses near Lake Balaton.

Handily defeated by the now highly proficient Soviets, this reverse of Hitler's best divisions finally broke German resistance in Hungary. Within a month Vienna had fallen. The war in Europe ended three weeks later.



This article was written by Peter B. Zwack and originally published in the Winter 1999 edition of MHQ.

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  1. 7 Comments to “World War II: Siege of Budapest”

  2. This comment is for Peter B. Zwack who originally published the article Siege of Budapest.

    Dear Peter: I am not a publisher, but I am considering writing a book and it is a work in progress. I need information about the siege of Budapest and I came across your article. Do I have to pay to use your article from this internet site? Or do I only need your permission?

    Thanks,
    Kathalin Horvath

    By Kathalin Horvath on Jul 24, 2008 at 10:01 am

  3. Dear Karhalin, I have no problem about your using my article for your work. All I ask is to see your final result (out of interest and not for oversight!) I only now found your comment from July – please excuse my late response.
    With best regards, Peter Z

    PS I am planning to write a military and social history of Hungary during the last war but won't begin for several years. What theme is your work about?

    By Peter Zwack on Dec 1, 2008 at 7:40 am

  4. Dear Peter
    My father, George Aczel, has written a book about his experiences as a Jewish boy growing up in Hungary during both the Nazi regime and the Russian occupation.

    The book has been self published and my father would dearly like to get his book noticed. I have attached a brief synopsis of the book in the hope that you might

    be interested in it or know some other people or organisation that could help him.

    Thanking you for your time

    Charlotte White

    "WOLF" synopsis
    Hungary 1931. It is George’s first birthday. The celebrating relations are discussing their favourite topic, the politics of the day. Uncle Ede wonders what deadly weapons will be used in the next war. "Not in our life time!" says Sandor. "But Mussolini, Stalin? You can’t trust a dictator," argues his brother.
    The boy’s father secures a good position as a chauffeur. "Two hundred and fifty pengos a month! And the Baron has some excellent cars." The family move into a spacious flat in Angyalfold.
    At school the boy enjoys the patriotic history lessons, the victorious kings and the injustice of the Trianon. Soon he is informed that he can no longer attend religious classes with his form but must go upstairs where a Rabbi would instruct him in the Jewish faith. George is dumbfounded.
    When the German army occupy Hungary the proclamations against the Jews intensify. George finds his mother vacantly sewing on yellow stars. Father loses his job with the Baron.
    They are ordered to leave their home to live in a special Jewish house. Families are encouraged to keep together – they are easier to trace. Father is able to bring his own father and step mother to share their allocated apartment. They hardly have time to settle in when George and his grandfather are told to report for labour service. George’s father is already working in a factory in a ‘necessary’ industry.
    After swearing allegiance to the country they are marched to some army barracks, a labour camp, waiting further deportation to either the Russian front or the gas chambers. As they leave the barracks on their final march towards the railway station George sees an opportunity to make a run for it. He plunges through a bus queue hearing shots behind him.
    Now the family have to go into hiding. Disguise and false papers help them survive until the Russian ‘liberation’. The liberators bring in another set of rules, meanwhile the Russian soldiers loot and behave in a barbaric manner. George witnesses men held at gunpoint while their wives are raped. Factories and banks are soon nationalised by the new Communist party, a puppet government formed by Rakosi, a Hungarian who had spent time in Russia learning how to condition the population. People were randomly arrested, often on false charges. They were jailed or sent away never to be seen again.
    George joins a group of boys who in exchange for food take peasant women to the markets in a homemade cart.
    Mother’s joy in seeing her son providing them with fresh food suddenly turns to tragedy. On her return from visiting her parents after such a long time, she is injured by shrapnel from mortar fire. The Germans had made a last stand across the river in Buda. Two weeks later she dies of tetanus.
    George is sent to the Piarist school in Vac, and when he returns to Budapest he is surprised to find that his father has a profitable business repairing cars.
    He goes to high school in the city. The high spirited boys play their jazz and make fun of the regime, but not for long. Father’s garage is taken away, the authorities have tightened their grip. Some of the schoolmasters disappear creating fear amongst the staff.
    Father decides they will have to leave the country, but the border has been closed down. On their first attempt to escape they are caught and are imprisoned and badly beaten by the AVO (secret police). However they survive to try again, and with the help of a guide they cut the wires and step carefully over the mines to freedom.

    By Charlotte White on Jan 9, 2009 at 6:30 am

  5. Hi Charlotte, I just came across your note and read your father's "Wolf" synopsis with interest. Let me chew on where to take this….for now i am really out of the Budapest history loop. I'm currrently in Afghanistan until July 09 and only intermittently check this page…when get back i hope to become reengaged. Take care, Peter

    By Peter B. Zwack on Mar 1, 2009 at 8:36 pm

  6. Peter

    Just read Charltte White's "Wolf" synopsis.

    Am also in the very early stages of writing a novel – with one chapter in WWII Budapest and one during the 1956 revolution.

    Could you assist with obtaining a copy of "Wolf" (assuminig it is English)

    Regards

    Brian Sims

    By Brian Sims on Sep 29, 2009 at 3:49 am

  7. Peter, its monty…serving in Korea. Just came across this by chance. Encourage you to get on with the book, to this day my visit and tour of Hungary remains a highlight of my experience in the army.

    By Porfirio on Feb 11, 2010 at 9:26 am

  1. 1 Trackback(s)

  2. Sep 16, 2009: Budapest trip, photos added. - Page 4 - World War 2 Talk

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