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World War II: German Raid on Bari

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For the next five nerve-racking days, John Harvey rode peacefully at anchor at Pier 29 while Captain Knowles tried vainly to get British port officials to speed things up. This was difficult, because he was gagged by the secrecy that surrounded the gas shipment. How could he get officials to act when he was not even supposed to know that he was carrying the mustard gas in the first place?

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While Knowles fretted, German reconnaissance pilot Hahn had returned to base. His positive report about conditions at Bari set in motion a raid that had been discussed and planned some time before. The Bari attack was the product of a planning session between Luftwaffe Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and his subordinates. The Allied airfields at Foggia were discussed as possible targets, but Luftwaffe resources were stretched too thin to permit the effective bombing of such a large complex of targets.

It was Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen, commander of Luftflotte 2, who suggested Bari as an alternative. A cousin of famed World War I ace Manfred von Richthofen, the field marshal was an experienced officer who had served in Poland and the Soviet Union as well as in the Battle of Britain. His advice, Kesselring knew, was sound. Richthofen believed that if the port was crippled, the British Eighth Army’s advance might be slowed and the nascent Fifteenth Air Force’s bomber offensive delayed. Richthofen told Kesselring that the only planes available for such a task were his Junkers Ju-88 A-4 bombers. With luck, he might scrape together 150 such planes for the raid.

When the strike force was mustered, there were only 105 Ju-88s available for the mission. But the element of surprise, coupled with an attack at dusk, might shift the odds in the Germans’ favor. Most of the planes would come from Italy, but Richthofen purposely wanted to obfuscate matters by using a few Ju-88s from Yugoslavia. If the Allies thought the entire mission originated from there, they just might misdirect retaliatory strikes to the Balkans.

The Ju-88 pilots were ordered to fly their twin-engine bombers east to the Adriatic, then swing south and west. British anti-aircraft would probably expect an attack–if any–to come from the north, not from the west. The Ju-88s were also supplied with Duppel, thin strips of tinfoil cut to various lengths. The tinfoil registered like aircraft on radar screens, producing scores of phantom targets.

The aim of the German pilots was to arrive over Bari around 7:30 p.m. Parachute flares would be released first to light the way for the attacking aircraft, and the Ju-88s would come in low, trying to get under Allied radar that was already confused by the Duppel.

The Germans arrived at Bari on schedule. First Lieutenant Gustav Teuber, leading the first wave, could hardly believe his eyes. The docks were brilliantly lit; cranes stood out in sharp relief as they unloaded cargo from the ships’ gaping holds, and the east jetty was packed with ships.

Scores of Ju-88s descended on Bari like gigantic birds of prey, their attack illuminated by the city’s lights and German flares. The first bombs hit the city proper, great geysers of smoke and flame marking each detonation, but soon it was the harbor’s turn. Some 30 vessels were riding at anchor that night, and each ship’s crew had to respond to the emergency as best they could. Surprise was total, and some ships had to function without a full complement, since many sailors were on shore leave.

The German flares gave sailors the first inkling of the impending attack. Aboard John Bascom, the second officer, William Rudolf, saw the flashes and alerted Captain Heitmann. John Bascom’s gun crew sprang into action, joining the barrage that shore batteries were now hurling into the sky. Tracer bullets laced the air, but the anti-aircraft fire was largely ineffective.

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  1. 3 Comments to “World War II: German Raid on Bari”

  2. BOMBARDAMENTO TEDESCO SU BARI 2 DICEMBRE 1943

    Il pomeriggio del 2 Dicembre, un aereo da ricognizione della Luftwaffe, sorvola il cielo di Bari. Il suo compito è quello di fotografare il più possibile: area urbana, porto e aeroporto. All’esperto pilota tedesco, non sfugge il molo di “Levante” pieno di navi all’ancora. L’Autorità portuale è gestita dal Comando Inglese, che ritiene assurdo un attacco della Luftwaffe. Cadono in un Titanico e drammatico errore di valutazione. Infatti alle ore 19:25 provenienti dai Balcani 105 bombardieri sono sulla città.

    Cominciano a piovere, le famose annunciatrici della morte alata, (milioni di striscioline in stagnola, utili a confondere i sistemi radar ). I fari contraerei del porto, sono già in funzione, subito imitati da quelli dell’aeroporto. La città è quasi incantata, la scenografia è d’autore: il buio della sera è squarciato da una serie di fasci luminosi, che a contatto delle striscioline di stagnola, creano giochi di variopinti colori. Come sottofondo, il cupo rombo dei bombardieri tedeschi, che sganciano le prime bombe sull’area urbana, ma l’obbiettivo sono le 36 navi ancorate. La contraerea è presente e penetra il cielo con i suoi 37mm traccianti. Questi proiettili, sviluppano (Grazie ad una carica di Magnesio inserita in un artifizio sistemato nel codolo della granata) un lungo e colorato percorso. Il cielo è intrinseco di ogni colore. Sul porto precipitano le prime bombe, alcune centrano le navi, altre cadono in mare.

    Sulle navi colpite cominciano a svilupparsi numerosi incendi che producono enormi colonne di fumo. Ma a sostegno della popolazione interviene un imprevisto e determinante alleato. Il vento, all’improvviso cambia direzione e, spinge verso mare, ma non basta, i rioni adiacenti al porto, sono già invasi dai fumi. Ora il bombardamento diventa intenso, i boati delle esplosioni si susseguono a una velocità inverosimile. Alcune navi bersaglio sono già inclinate su di un fianco. Il Mare a causa della nafta e di altri combustibili è in fiamme e, questo provoca una visione quasi dantesca. In acqua ci sono le zattere dei numerosi equipaggi che dribblano la morte e cercano la vita. Il vento Aumenta d’intensità e, costringe i vapori ad allontanarsi dal centro abitato.
    Nelle acque del porto numerosi marinai sono inghiottiti da vortici infuocati. Alcune navi cariche di ordigni esplodono insieme all’equipaggio. Aumentando di fatto, la drammaticità del momento. I fari sono ancora in funzione, la contraerea balbetta le sue granate antivelivolo e, continua a colorare a suo modo il cielo di Bari. Ma le bombe continuano a piovere e con esse la morte di tanti militari e civili. La città vive momenti di un puro sgomento, I baresi capiscono ciò che sta accadendo, ma hanno terrore di quello che sarà. Sono le 19:50, le bombe, precipitano ancora. Una nave esplode, nelle sue stive sono stipate 2000 bombe all’Azoiprite. Molte di queste sono proiettate in alto e, causa l’enorme temperatura, scoppiano lasciando scivolare il potente aggressivo chimico, nelle acque del porto. Nel frattempo, le bombe non scoppiate si sparpagliano nei fondali del porto e, sono tante. L’Azoiprite ormai è mischiata alla nafta incendiata e, il fumo che produce diventa un potentissimo veleno. Bari e, la sua popolazione ringraziano il vento che ha risparmiato alla città una storia più agghiacciante. Le vittime accertate fra militari e civili sono più di 2000. I feriti militari sono soccorsi al Policlinico, gestito dal Comando Neozelandese e, vengono curati in modo superficiale. Anche perché i medici ignorano del tutto il problema Yprite. Tanto che a numerosi marinai è diagnosticata “congiuntivite”. Per i civili non c’è spazio neanche per questi errori e, li lasciano al loro nero destino.

    Giovanni Lafirenze

    By Giovanni Lafirenze on Jul 16, 2008 at 2:58 am

  3. Where exactly was the 15th Air Force headquaters in Bari, what was the name of the base and is it still there, and under what title?

    By Nina on Aug 23, 2008 at 2:00 am

  4. La quindicesima Forza aerea di base a Bari era così collocata:
    5° Stormo a Foggia
    47° Stormo Manduria (TA)
    49° Stormo Lecce
    55° Stormo Spinazzola (BA)
    304 Stormo Cerignola
    306 Stormo Lesina (FG)
    per maggiori informazioni
    http://www.biografiadiunabomba.it

    By Giovanni Lafirenze on Sep 17, 2008 at 1:57 pm

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