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Sand Creek MassacreWild West | 4 comments | Print This Post | Email This Post
In October, Chief Left Hand brought about 40 Arapahos and surrendered some of the loot from the summer warfare. Black Kettle and his band of about 400 did not appear. General Curtis appointed Major Scott Anthony commander of Fort Lyon on November 2 because the major would not be’soft’ on the Indians like his predecessor, Major Edward Wanshear Wynkoop. About this time, Arapaho Chief Little Raven arrived at Fort Lyon with 650 of his people. After a week, Anthony decided he could not feed that many, and sent them off to hunt buffalo. Subscribe Today
Black Kettle and War Bonnet came to Anthony in early November and told him they wanted peace. The major could not negotiate peace so he sent them to Sand Creek, about 35 miles northeast of Fort Lyon. He told them if he received orders to negotiate he would notify them. Anthony did not, however, ask for permission to negotiate. He told Curtis he knew where the Cheyennes and Arapahos were camped and would attack if he had enough troops.
Black Kettle no doubt suspected that Anthony would strike if he got the necessary manpower, but the chief apparently assumed that peace conditions would exist while he waited for negotiations to take place. Left Hand arrived with some Arapaho lodges, so about 650 or 700 Indians were living along the bend of Sand Creek by the middle of November.
General Curtis sent a terse message to Chivington that read in part: ‘Pursue everywhere and chastise the Cheyennes and Arapaho; pay no attention to district lines. No presents must be made and no peace concluded without my consent.’ The colonel had his orders, and he also knew that the men of the 3rd Colorado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment had enlisted late in August for just 100 days. Their enlistments would soon be over, and they were tired of camp life and angered by the jeers of ‘Bloodless Third.’ The time to act was now, if he wanted to stop the expected uprising of the united tribes.
Along with his orders from Curtis, Chivington also had a message from Indian Agent Samuel E. Colley saying he had been unable to do anything with the Indians for the last six months. ‘In my opinion they should be punished for their hostile acts,’ Colley said. The Cheyennes and the Arapahos could not continue to play their game of war in summer and peace in winter.
On November 24, 1864, Chivington marched his men out of their rendezvous 50 miles southeast of Denver. He had the entire 3rd Colorado Volunteer Cavalry, three companies of the 1st Colorado Volunteer Cavalry and the four howitzers. An early storm made the march very difficult. The men were inadequately clad and badly mounted. They had to force their way through deep snow and endure bitter cold as they followed along the Arkansas River toward Fort Lyon (near present-day Lamar; it was replaced in 1867 by a new Fort Lyon, near Las Animas). Each night they crawled into icy bedding at 10 o’clock, and reveille sounded at 4 a.m.
When Chivington’s command arrived at Fort Lyon on the afternoon of November 28, Anthony did not mention the visit of Black Kettle and War Bonnet. The major just said he knew where the hostiles were camped–about 1,000 of them at Sand Creek and about 2,000 more farther north in the Smoky Hill River region. Because Chivington wanted to get to Sand Creek by dawn, he and his volunteers, accompanied by Anthony and some other men from the fort, departed at about 8 p.m. and hurried through the night.
When the first light on the 29th slipped in from the east, the troops were on the ridge, about a mile from the village. Chivington said he did not plan to attack without notice. He intended to surround the camp and then immobilize the warriors by capturing the 500 to 600 horses grazing in two herds near the lodges. If there was going to be a fight, he did not want those great horse soldiers to be mounted. On horseback they were even more fearsome warriors than on foot. Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6Tags: 19th Century, American Indian Wars, Historical Conflicts, Native American History, The Wild West, Wild West
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4 Comments to “Sand Creek Massacre”
You sir, are a historical revisionist of the highest order. When all facts and testimony speak against your opinion, you rely on the fog of battle and conjecture as defense. You are of the same class as Abu Ghraib apologists. Shame.
By Jack Kemp on May 5, 2009 at 4:17 pm
You make a special effort to discredit or draw into question the historical record of opinion, as axes to grind. Judging from your summery, your own axe appears to be well honed into a glistening from the process. And thus suspect as those as you question. Why no mention of the human displays paraded at the Apollo? Don’t fit the narrative so well?
By Jack Chevalier on May 10, 2009 at 6:25 am
I do not see any literary or documentary references. How does anyone know what you are saying is true?? One thing I do not see is any research at the Colorado Historical Museum or any counties. This article sounds like it is appealing to a false authority and without any Bibliography or Citations, it seems very far fetched. There are two sides to the story but considering racism and bigotry, coupled with the lure of money – it is a very convincing argument. There is one problem: records indicate from Navajo sources that the Ute and Pawnee were taking children and selling them into slavery during the Taos slave trade during the 1600’s. There needs to be more consideration to other sources and accounts that contributed to the actions of the Southern Cheyennes. Research at the Colorado History Museum indicates there were not many ranches destroyed. Only one stagecoach was ransacked, a cow was killed, and there were two other incidents. The killing of the Rancher family was not caused by Southern Cheyenne as the video would like to protray. Even the video does not look deeper into the reasons surrounding why the Cheyennes left their homeland – which at the time was being taken by French, Dutch, Quakers, Puritans etc. Then there was the issue that Chivington stated that he wanted to fight against slavery? The main influence was obviously Lincoln and how the respect for Africans was increasing because of the Buffalo Soldiers. However, the psychological argument that is being developed is contradicted by the Southern Cheyenne being placed on desolate land with no food! He did not speak out about this, nor did he speak out about helping to assimilate them into what has become American culture. Then there is the land issue: Chivington did not say he wanted them to have any land or any rights. The Psychology argument is very weak and needs more development and right now, with the research I have done – the argument is very strongly against the fact that Chivington was a peaceful, god fearing man and one fact remains: Chivington did not in any account try to stop the men from firing and killing people; Chivington did not stop and talk with Black Kettle to see what he was holding in his hands. Diplomacy is what it has been called but gold, land, and a strange sense of trying to preserve families by taking land after a treaty was made and breaking treaties does not help your argument at all. Also, he would be a national hero because people were receiving land from the American government and he eliminated people that stood in the way of people owning land and making their money which was introduced and a system begun by Americans not the Indigenous. As a whole, your argument really falls short of what you are trying to prove – either by thinking it must be this way or just reading some information from a very narrow research of the topic. There were trade routes from Central Mexico to Canada and the fact that the dreamcatcher is in the Navajo culture but began in the Eastern Seabord tribes – before colonization by the Immigrants from Europe – indicates that the Cheyenne had to encompassed by this trade route and the limited information that the so called historians want to communicate without looking at all the information makes the idea that the Cheyennes before they were split into two bands by the Arapahoe before any agreement with them indicates more was occuring than these historians have spent time with researching. In New Mexico, plains designs appear that predate the 1700’s. The Southern Cheyenne language has the same “x” sound that is similar to Nahuatl and the Dine’/Navajo language. The Southern Cheyenne dialect and Northern dialect also indicate rising and falling tones of spoken language that is similar to the Hopi and more similarity with Navajo – this indicates that there was some type of connection that predates the 1700’s, so the historical account that the Cheyenne migrated here to Colorado had to be rethunk. The argument placed forth by the so called historians has been presented with no knowledge of language, or encompassing research. The Uto- Aztecan languages are not said to include the Navajo or Southern Cheyenne languages but upon further research into the Navajo and Nahuatl languages including Papago for still existent phonology, more neede to be researched before making some wild thought based argument. I would suggest some Psychology classes and looking into the Colorado Historica Museum. New Mexico has some great references especially at the UNM library. Arizona still has existent sounds of pronunciation for languages and New Mexico too. Psychology is the place to start and human behavior for the argument that you are trying to place forth!
By MATEO MIGUEL ROMERO on Jul 5, 2009 at 8:30 am
Another thing is that the historical account of the Tribes being split by the Arapahoe then the Southern Cheyenne making an agreement with them for peace – helps establish the Southern Cheyenne as being more prone to peace making than what this video would like everyone to believe:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdCp7qLVGpg
By MATEO MIGUEL ROMERO on Jul 5, 2009 at 9:26 am